The New Colossus By Jane Addams Essay - 1364 Words

Immigration to America is often a decision based solely on the idea that America has some sort of redeeming qualities for a chance at a better life. America’s founding ideals of â€Å"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness† are what compel foreigners to escape the troubles and oppression of their homeland and cross over onto American soil. The tales of America being the â€Å"land of opportunity† have continued to lure and attract people to immigrate. The Industrial Revolution of the nineteenth century brought millions of immigrant laborers from across the globe to America in a short span of time. This large influx of laborers fashioned a well-defined distinction between â€Å"settlers† and â€Å"immigrants,† causing many observers to be concerned with how these new arrivals would fit in to American society. Emma Lazarus in â€Å"The New Colossus†, Jane Addams in Twenty Years at Hull House, Walt Whitman in â€Å"Crossing the Brooklyn Fe rry†, Theodore Roosevelt in American Ideals, and Thomas Aldrich in â€Å"Unguarded Gates† are just a few names in American Literature who use their work as a medium to voice their opinions on the issue of immigration. Emma Lazarus’s poem, â€Å"The New Colossus†, has become the fundamental expression of America’s self-image as a welcoming and hospitable nation of immigrants. Through her poem, Lazarus transformed the Statue of Liberty—built by the French to commemorate shared American ideals of democracy—into an inspiration of hope for foreigners seeking a better life in theShow MoreRelatedMelting Pot6314 Words   |  26 Pagesin American cultural and political ideology? These are some of the questions considered in the following discussion. The Statue of Liberty is by now a universally recognized symbol of American political mythology. She stands at the entrance of New York harbor, wearing a spiked crown representing the light of liberty shining on the seven seas and the seven continents. The statue was a gift to the United States from the people of France in 1884. It is made of riveted copper sheets, only 3/32 of

Stereotype Threat And Self Handicapping - 2951 Words

For the past century, stereotype threat and self handicapping have been of extreme interest to social psychologists. The reasoning behind why people react in certain ways due to the circumstances they are in is a huge discussion topic that interests the field in big way. Stereotype threat occurs when an individual is at risk of confirming a negative stereotype about them or about one’s group (Steele Aronson, 1995). Previous research has shown that being the victim of a stereotype threat can actually alter one’s performance (Spencer,Steele, Quinn, 1998). Studies have shown an effect of stereotype on performance in relation to many different domains. One particular experiment done by Spencer, Steele Quinn (1998) wanted to observe if the stereotype that women have weaker math ability compared to men would hinder math performance. The results showed that being explicitly primed of this stereotype prior to taking a difficult math test led to an impairment in math performan ce within women compared to men. This suggests that being the victim to a negative stereotype can indeed affect one’s performance. The previously stated evidence shows that negative stereotypes might have a much bigger impact on individuals than we may think. Previous research has furthered this notion and shown that self-handicapping is often used in order to cope with being the victim of a stereotype threat (Stone, 2002). Self- handicapping is defined as the opportunity to excuse failure and internalizeShow MoreRelatedEssay On Institutional Consent1274 Words   |  6 Pagesacademic achievement survey (include copy of the form). The upon its completion the researcher will e-mail the participants the link to the complete each of the instruments 1) Likert and Questionnaire Type Survey, 2) Children’s Self-Efficacy Scale, and 3) Self-handicapping scale survey to be submitted online. The measure of demographics included in the likert and questionnaire type survey will be used to understand the participants and to ensure that the participants have been correctly identifiedRead MoreResearch Proposal On Stereotype Threat2288 Words   |  10 PagesQuantitative research proposal on stereotype threat: Evaluation of online supportive website Problem Statement Stereotype threat, or the fear of being judged through the lens of a negative stereotype, has been shown to hurt one’s performance (Spencer, Steele, Quinn, 1999; Steele, Spencer Aronson, 2002). It is clear, from years of research, that individuals who are threatened about a negative stereotype concerning their ability do not perform to their potential when stereotypes are triggered (Steele, SpencerRead MoreThe Effects Of Media And Technology On Our Lives1828 Words   |  8 PagesAmerican men from improvised inner cities score below their counterparts in other racial and ethnic groups when it comes to graduation rates, literacy rates, and college preparedness. A black male growing up in these neighborhoods rarely thinks about self/higher education. His aspirations gear more towards making fast money to get by. He may have to resort to crime to get the kind of fast money he is looking for. Can you blame him? When the odds â€Å"seem† to be against you, you have no cho ice but to doRead MoreSocial Psychology: Bringing It All Together Essay3853 Words   |  16 Pagestopics. Social psychologists study a variety of topics, including views of the self, persuasion, attraction, and group processes. Researchers study all aspects of social psychology and in some cases enlist the help of a â€Å"confederate†, someone who appears to be a naà ¯ve part of the experiment. The confederate ensures that the experiment is going as planned. A part of social psychology is developing a sense of self. As human beings, we like organization and patterns. We naturally categorizeRead MoreTheories of Ethnocentrism: Social Dominance Theory and Social Identity Perspective6083 Words   |  25 PagesPratto, 1999). The alternative approach focuses on social and situational factors as causes of ethnocentrism. The dominant theory here is Social Identity Perspective (SIP), which is comprised of Social Identity Theory (SIT) (Tajfel Turner, 1986) and Self-Categorization Theory (SCT) (Oakes, Haslam Turner, 1994). Social Identity Perspective proposes that ethnocentrism occurs when people are depersonalized: they see themselves as members of a salient group rather than unique individuals. This process

Medical Terminology for Muscular Hyperactivity- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theMedical Terminology for Muscular Hyperactivity. Answer: Dermabrasion: Dermabrasion is a replenishing technique that removes the outer layers of the skin surgically and in a controlled manner. Apart from enhancing the skin beauty and fighting signs of ageing it is used in variety of conditions like acne scars, scars from accidents and sometime to remove precancerous growths called keratoses. Cytology: Cytology (cyto meaning cell and logy meaning study of) is the branch of science that deals with the structure, function, histology and chemistry of cells. It also deals with the interaction of cells with other similar or dissimilar cells by various biochemical and neural mechanisms. Microscopic and histologic studies of cell have wide spreading application in fields such as medicine, physiology, histology, diagnoses, genetics and molecular biology to name a few. Fibrosis: When the tissues of the body suffers from injury or damage the immune system is stimulated and immune cells such as cytokines, chemokines and growth factors are released for tissue repairing. These chemical messengers stimulate the production of fibrous tissues like collagen, glycoprotein, proteoglycans, etc. These fibrous tissues when deposited in an organ cause Fibrosis. Anaerobic: Anaerobic refers to the absence of oxygen. In life sciences the term anaerobic is most frequently used in relation to exercise physiology. During high intensity work the muscle cells utilise the anaerobic mechanism of energy production to obtain instant energy for contraction. Hypoglycaemia: Hypoglycaemia is the medical term used define the condition when blood glucose falls below 4mmol/L. It leads to lack of glucose supply to different parts of the body especially to the brain. Common symptoms are dizziness, fatigue, sweating, and loss of consciousness and so on. Appendectomy: Appendectomy is the surgical procedure to remove the rudimentary human organ Appendix when it suffers from inflammation. Inflammated appendix can suffer from bacterial infection and cause harm to the surrounding bodily organs and hence appendectomy is an emergency surgical procedure. Lethargy: Lethargy is a medical symptom characterised by feelings of sleepiness, fatigue and sluggishness. Often it a related to some other underlying physical or mental condition and includes related symptoms like decreased ability to think clearly, low energy and changes in mood. Leukopenia: The human blood consists of several white blood cells including basophil, eosinophil, lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils that play a major role in the immune function of the body. The condition characterised by deficiency in any of the white blood cells is known as leukopenia Immunologist: Immunologists are specialist physicians trained to diagnose and treat patients with disorders of the immune system. They work in various sectors of healthcare and treat allergic and autoimmune disease like arthritis, diabetes, asthma etc. CardiorespiratoryEndurance: Cardiorespiratory Endurance is described as the coordinated functioning of the heart, lungs and the circulatory system to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the muscle tissues during sustained physical activity. It is also responsible for removing waste products from the working cells. It is a potent marker of fitness of an individual and is utilised for designing training protocols. Cytopathology: Cytopathology is the study of disease diagnosis that employs examination of the cells of different body parts to detect the cause of the disease. The Pap test is the most widely used cytopathology diagnostic test for diagnosis of several diseases. Colour Histogram: Colour histograms are normal histograms that show the colour levels of each individual colours of the Red Green and Blue (RGB) range. It helps determine the correct exposure of each component by combining each colour channels. Dermatosisneglecta: Dermatosis neglecta is a type of Dermatosis arising from reduced frictional cleansing of the body surface leading to the accumulation of corneocytes, sebum and sweat. It eventually results into hyperpigmented patches or verrucous plaques if left untreated. Muscular Hyperactivity: Muscular Hyperactivity is the over activity of the muscles causing accumulation of lactic acid and eventually muscle fatigue. Several orders of treatment is available for the treatment of muscular hyperactivity that includes initial conservative treatment, neutralization of the cause.

Science And Money Essays - Fiscal Policy, Economic Policy

Science And Money For years, everyone has opined on what to do with the budget surplus: fund new educational programs, cut taxes, and so on. Science needs the money. In some technologies, we are beginning to fall behind other countries. We must not allow this to happen. Everyone reaps the benefits of science; increasing funding for research programs would only enhance these benefits. Where would the United States be today without science? Science is a big part of our economy, but today most research and development occur in the private sector. Why has the government cut spending? Because they know that the private sector will do the work. Money motivates the private sector to perform research; when profitability wanes in a certain area, research by the private sector also declines. Kenneth Brown asserts that private firms often focus on their own product rather than work on a broader understanding of science. Should Uncle Sam allow such a deficiency in research? Increased government spending in science would produce a greater breadth and depth of knowledge. You may ask yourself: why is this important? As the world leader in virtually everything, it is imperative for the US to lead the world in science also. Not only for defense reasons, but also to keep pace with other countries so no country can monopolize a scientific breakthrough. Would we want Japan or Russia to come up with a cure for AIDS and have to purchase the knowledge from them? The US needs to lead the world in science; to maintain this position we must apply the budget surplus to federal science research programs.

Logic and George Boole essays

Logic and George Boole essays The meaning of logic is likely one of the most philosophical ideas on which to write about. Logic and creativity are opposite ideas. Logic represents the prime value of creativity. Logic is the inverse of creativity. I have discovered that creativity is not equal to logic in terms of its power to change our existence. Creativity is the compliment of logic. Only when logic has been proved can any creativity spring forth. Creativity is merely applied logic. Logic is a science that deals with the principles and the validity of inference. Logic is the sequence of facts or events when seen as inevitable or predictable. Although it is true that the creative geniuses are likely admired, their contributions to society are not as life changing...unless applied to science. Li-Fang Zhang wrote an investigational article called Thinking Styles and Modes of Thinking: Implications and Research. He claimed that a major finding was that creativity generating complex thinking styles were not significantly positively correlated with the holistic mode of thinking but significantly correlated with the analytical mode of thinking. He puts his defined thinking styles in two categories. The first is creativity (including liberal styles) and the second is the logical (including conservative styles) He thinks that the logical thinker requires simplistic information processing. The founder of symbolic logic, George Boole is rightly regarded as one of the founding fathers of computing and information technology. The term Boolean value was named after George Boole. Computer Programmers use this Boolean value to hard code validity checks into a computer system to protect the integrity of data. Computer science engineers use the Boolean value to create switches and circuits. In fact, the language of computers is the digital, binary code. Binary code is represented as 0 meaning off a...

De trop - French Expression

De trop - French Expression Expression: Pronunciation: Meaning: Register: Notes: de trop Tu as ajoutà © un morceau de sucre de trop. Il y a trois livres de trop. Tu bois de trop. Nous avons payà © de trop. De trop vs trop (de): With nouns: de trop trop de adverb of quantity de trop trop de cinq kilos de trop trop de kilos vs un morceau de sucre de trop trop de morceaux de sucre trop de sucre vs With verbs: de trop trop de type of conjugation compound verbs dual-verb conjugations de trop trop Je mange de trop Je mange trop Jai mangà © de trop Jai trop mangà © Il peut sà ©nerver de trop Il peut trop sà ©nerver De trop Je me sentais de trop. Ta remarque à ©tait de trop. De trop More Expressions with deMost common French phrasesFrench expressions used in English

Rhetorical Analysis of MLK Jr's Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay

Rhetorical Analysis of MLK Jr's Letter from Birmingham Jail - Essay Example The letter is King’s response to the public statement issued by eight white religious leaders of the South. All throughout the letter King emphasizes that the demonstration conducted at Birmingham was quite non-violent in nature and he warns the authorities that the injustice, segregation and racial discrimination shown towards the Negroes can be overcome only through non-violence and civil disobedience. The letter clearly demonstrates that Martin Luther King was quite aware of the nature of his audience or readers. Thus, he consciously stresses the Judeo-Christian tradition of the liberation of the oppressed and propagates democratic human rights (Ess). The Negroes are referred to as oppressed, segregated, robbed and suppressed. One can find King addressing his audience as ‘my Christian and Jewish brothers.’ The recurrent references to the Holy Bible, Jesus Christ and Apostle Paul are quite meaningful and he also draws parallels between the experiences of early C hristian martyrs and the demonstrators. At the very outset of the letter king makes it clear that he supported the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights as he wanted to propagate the gospel of freedom beyond his own particular hometown just as St. Paul preached Christ’s gospel to everyone. Towards the end of the letter King expresses his disappointment toward the white church and its leadership. Even though King expected Christian brotherhood and support from them, it is quite misfortunate that many of the white Church have proved to be opponents of the movement. He exhorts the church authorities to react against the injustice shown to the blacks and to express moral concerns over the status quo. He also warns that if the Church shuts its eyes towards these injustice believers would move away from it. King also pays special attention to appeal to the logos (use of reasoning to appeal to the reader) of his audience. He vividly portrays the segregation, injustice and raci al discrimination experienced by the Negro community and purports that it was reasonable for the demonstrators to engage in non-violent protests. King, in his letter, stresses on the ‘interrelatedness of all communities and states’ and he postulates that â€Å"injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere† (King 2). Thus, he makes it clear that he cannot shut his eyes to any sort of injustice whether it is in Atlanta or Birmingham. While the white religious leaders of the South regarded the demonstrations in Birmingham as unfortunate King admits that the Negro community in Birmingham had no other alternatives but to fight against the white power structure in the city. He repudiates that the actions of the demonstrators would never precipitate violence. He exhorts the society to ‘protect the robbed and punish the robber’ (King 3). He believes that only through tireless non-violent efforts and hard work the dreams of the black man could be cheri shed. King’s next focus in the letter is to convince his readers/audience of the various reasons as well as the non-violent nature of the demonstration. King goes on to explain the four basic steps of any nonviolent campaign: â€Å"collection of the facts to determine whether injustices are alive, negotiation, self-purification, and direct action†

Is the United States a Global Bully Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Is the United States a Global Bully - Essay Example This essay stresses that the US has been seen as hugely taking sides by supporting Israel. As much as this is true, Israel has the economy and power that is essential for enforcing peace in the region. As such, it would be necessary to advice and manipulate the party with the capacity and huge influence in the war. In terms of global leadership, the United States by no means has forced any country to adopt or oblige to its policies. In the few cases that the country has been perceived as doing so, it has been through the trade partnership in which all countries present their terms and conditions and mutual agreements reached through negotiations, and the necessary documents signed in the process. When the treaties or agreements between nations are breached, and the terms of the breach observed as per the agreement, this does not amount in any way to bullying. The United States has committed its own resources and citizens to fight against terrorism that has plagued the whole world. This paper makes a conclusion that the United States can, therefore, be metaphorically presented as a policeman. A policeman by virtue of his position and authority vested upon him by law to successfully execute role is perceived by many criminals or prospective law breaker as an enemy. The policeman is liable to enormous criticism on any human mistake made by him, as people increasingly overlook his important duties concentrating on the insignificant mistakes.

The New Face of Poverty Essay Example for Free

The New Face of Poverty Essay Most people describe poverty as a lack of essential items, such as food, clothing, and shelter. When individuals are not able to afford nutritious meals, attend school regularly, or have access to health care, regardless of their income, they can be considered to be in poverty. The new face of poverty involves many people who are homeless because problems that arose, or unforeseen circumstances occurred, forcing them into these situations. In the essay, â€Å"The Untouchables,† Kozol wrote about the struggles and hardships Richard Lazarus and others encountered because of homelessness. Jo Goodwin Parker wrote a vivid first hand description about living in poverty in the essay, â€Å"What is Poverty? †. Lazarus lived on the street struggling to survive, where as, Parker lived in a house struggling to support her family. In New York, Lazarus either slept in a park or in a dilapidated hotel operated by a shelter organization. Other homeless people, unable to find room in a shelter or afraid of something within the shelter, seeked sanctuary in public transportation buildings, subway tunnels, or church doorways. Parker struggled to provide anything but the bare essentials for her family. She lived without hot water, soap, shampoo, hand cream for cracked red hands, or materials to do any repairs on the unkempt, decrepit house. Each night, she washed all the clothes her school aged children possessed, in cold water, hoping they would be dry for the next school day. Lazarus felt the American public looked at homelessness as â€Å"the rejected waste of society†(263). He feels the homeless were useful when performing menial tasks or donating blood. He thinks people living in regular homes may not complain about their current situation if they see homeless people and fear they could be in the same state of affairs. In the same way, Parker said, â€Å"Poverty is looking into a black future†. She feared for her children’s future imaging them being behind bars because they could steal for things they wanted. She also feared her children could turn to drugs and alcohol to escape the grip of poverty. She also feared her daughter may end up in the same poverty lifestyle. Parker also felt poverty eroded away one’s pride and honor. Both Parker and Lazarus landed in these situations because of circumstances beyond their control. Parker married young and moved to another town with her new husband. Losing his job forced them to move into a small rundown house in her old hometown. Parker’s husband worked a few odd jobs, but most of their money went toward food. After three years, and three babies, he left, leaving her to support the family. Lazarus received an education from a private military school, and then held a job in data processing for seven years. Lazarus then lost his job, his wife, his children, his home, and then became homeless. These two people exemplifies the new face of poverty. The attitudes of the American public toward helping Lazarus and the homelessness, and people like Parker living in poverty, have eroded. Kozol writes, â€Å"So from pity we graduate to weariness; from weariness to impatience; from impatience to annoyance; from annoyance to dislike and sometimes to contempt† (265). Treatment of the homeless in most cities have became harsh. An anti-homeless activist in Phoenix stated he was â€Å"tired of feeling guilty about the homeless†(Kozol 262). A columnist from a major magazine wanted the homeless evicted from the streets. When Parker asked for help, she received seventy-eight dollars a month to clothe, feed, and provide shelter for herself and three children. Attitudes toward the poor have evolved into indifference, or worse, hatred. In contrast, these essays are about the asperities of a man and a woman. The essay about Lazarus recounted the plight of a homeless man and the public negativity toward homelessness. Although this story portrayed one of misfortune, compassion for the fellow man was buried by those holding bias toward homelessness. The essay about Parker summarized the misfortunes of the life of a woman. This woman struggled to provide for her three children. Most of the people living in poverty are currently in this situation due to unfortunate circumstances.

Review Of a Lion In Winter :: essays research papers

Henry, the King of England, married Eleanor for her land; their first son died, after him, John was Henry's favorite, Richard was Eleanors favorite, but turned out to be homosexual, Geoffrey plotted against all of them with the King of France who was Richard's "friend;" Henry had an affair with Rosalyn, and Eleanor, with Richard lead a couple of civil wars against him, so Henry locked Eleanor in a tower; Henry's lover died, he bought a wife, Alice, for the son who was to be King, but had an affair with her . . . And so went life in the late 12th century. Involved in this complex arrangement there are many aspects of life during this period including: the status of women, power of the church and living conditions all of which were illustrated in The Lion in Winter. One of the most apparent things in The Lion in Winter was the role of women. At first impression they did not seem significant. Eleanor was cheated on, not an uncommon practice, and then locked in a tower to only be aloud out on holidays. Alice was bought and then became Henry's new lover, and beyond that no other women were mention. Despite all this, when looked at more closely women were important to the feudal society. A king could acquire land by conquering, or marrying the daughter who had that land in her dowry. Also in the movie Eleanor wielded more power than one would have thought, for one she and Richard had led civil wars against Henry before. Secondly because of her control of the Aquataine she exercised more power than other women of the times. Because of all this women were necessary to the feudal system, but were still not regarded as meaningful. The role of the church was influential in the movie, but not as prominent as expected. It was the church that gave the king his authority and could take it away. Henry threatened to annul his marriage with Eleanor to gain leverage to obtain the Aquatain. There was even joking about being excommunicated, again. Without the church to have marriages and settle things of that nature it probably been more chaotic than it already was. It was the church that kept reading and writing going through the Dark Ages, and also played and important role in the late 12th century. More interesting than other topics was the living conditions. Whenever reading a fairy tale, or watching a movie about castles they are always glorified as wonderful places, large and beautiful, with every luxury.

Deception Point Page 75

Built by Lockheed, the Aurora looked like a flattened American football. It was 110 feet long, sixty feet wide, smoothly contoured with a crystalline patina of thermal tiles much like the space shuttle. The speed was primarily the result of an exotic new propulsion system known as a Pulse Detonation Wave Engine, which burned a clean, misted, liquid hydrogen and left a telltale pulse contrail in the sky. For this reason, it only flew at night. Tonight, with the luxury of enormous speed, the Delta Force was taking the long way home, out across the open ocean. Even so, they were overtaking their quarry. At this rate, the Delta Force would be arriving on the eastern seaboard in under an hour, a good two hours before its prey. There had been discussion of tracking and shooting down the plane in question, but the controller rightly feared a radar capture of the incident or the burned wreckage might bring on a massive investigation. It was best to let the plane land as scheduled, the controller had decided. Once it became clear where their quarry intended to land, the Delta Force would move in. Now, as Aurora streaked over the desolate Labrador Sea, Delta-One's CrypTalk indicated an incoming call. He answered. â€Å"The situation has changed,† the electronic voice informed them. â€Å"You have another mark before Rachel Sexton and the scientists land.† Another mark. Delta-One could feel it. Things were unraveling. The controller's ship had sprung another leak, and the controller needed them to patch it as fast as possible. The ship would not be leaking, Delta-One reminded himself, if we had hit our marks successfully on the Milne Ice Shelf. Delta-One knew damn well he was cleaning up his own mess. â€Å"A fourth party has become involved,† the controller said. â€Å"Who?† The controller paused a moment-and then gave them a name. The three men exchanged startled looks. It was a name they knew well. No wonder the controller sounded reluctant! Delta-One thought. For an operation conceived as a â€Å"zero-casualty† venture, the body count and target profile was climbing fast. He felt his sinews tighten as the controller prepared to inform them exactly how and where they would eliminate this new individual. â€Å"The stakes have increased considerably,† the controller said. â€Å"Listen closely. I will give you these instructions only once.† 89 High above northern Maine, a G4 jet continued speeding toward Washington. Onboard, Michael Tolland and Corky Marlinson looked on as Rachel Sexton began to explain her theory for why there might be increased hydrogen ions in the fusion crust of the meteorite. â€Å"NASA has a private test facility called Plum Brook Station,† Rachel explained, hardly able to believe she was going to talk about this. Sharing classified information out of protocol was not something she had ever done, but considering the circumstances, Tolland and Corky had a right to know this. â€Å"Plum Brook is essentially a test chamber for NASA's most radical new engine systems. Two years ago I wrote a gist about a new design NASA was testing there-something called an expander cycle engine.† Corky eyed her suspiciously. â€Å"Expander cycle engines are still in the theoretical stage. On paper. Nobody's actually testing. That's decades away.† Rachel shook her head. â€Å"Sorry, Corky. NASA has prototypes. They're testing.† â€Å"What?† Corky looked skeptical. â€Å"ECE's run on liquid oxygen-hydrogen, which freezes in space, making the engine worthless to NASA. They said they were not even going to try to build an ECE until they overcame the freezing fuel problem.† â€Å"They overcame it. They got rid of the oxygen and turned the fuel into a ‘slush-hydrogen' mixture, which is some kind of cryogenic fuel consisting of pure hydrogen in a semifrozen state. It's very powerful and very clean burning. It's also a contender for the propulsion system if NASA runs missions to Mars.† Corky looked amazed. â€Å"This can't be true.† â€Å"It better be true,† Rachel said. â€Å"I wrote a brief about it for the President. My boss was up in arms because NASA wanted to publicly announce slush-hydrogen as a big success, and Pickering wanted the White House to force NASA to keep slush-hydrogen classified.† â€Å"Why?† â€Å"Not important,† Rachel said, having no intention of sharing more secrets than she had to. The truth was that Pickering's desire to classify slush-hydrogen's success was to fight a growing national security concern few knew existed-the alarming expansion of China's space technology. The Chinese were currently developing a deadly â€Å"for-hire† launch platform, which they intended to rent out to high bidders, most of whom would be U.S. enemies. The implications for U.S. security were devastating. Fortunately, the NRO knew China was pursuing a doomed propulsion-fuel model for their launch platform, and Pickering saw no reason to tip them off about NASA's more promising slush-hydrogen propellant. â€Å"So,† Tolland said, looking uneasy, â€Å"you're saying NASA has a clean-burning propulsion system that runs on pure hydrogen?† Rachel nodded. â€Å"I don't have figures, but the exhaust temperatures of these engines are apparently several times hotter than anything ever before developed. They're requiring NASA to develop all kinds of new nozzle materials.† She paused. â€Å"A large rock, placed behind one of these slush-hydrogen engines, would be scalded by a hydrogen-rich blast of exhaust fire coming out at an unprecedented temperature. You'd get quite a fusion crust.† â€Å"Come on now!† Corky said. â€Å"Are we back to the fake meteorite scenario?† Tolland seemed suddenly intrigued. â€Å"Actually, that's quite an idea. The setup would be more or less like leaving a boulder on the launchpad under the space shuttle during liftoff.† â€Å"God save me,† Corky muttered. â€Å"I'm airborne with idiots.† â€Å"Corky,† Tolland said. â€Å"Hypothetically speaking, a rock placed in an exhaust field would exhibit similar burn features to one that fell through the atmosphere, wouldn't it? You'd have the same directional striations and backflow of the melting material.† Corky grunted. â€Å"I suppose.† â€Å"And Rachel's clean-burning hydrogen fuel would leave no chemical residue. Only hydrogen. Increased levels of hydrogen ions in the fusion pocking.† Corky rolled his eyes. â€Å"Look, if one of these ECE engines actually exists, and runs on slush-hydrogen, I suppose what you're talking about is possible. But it's extremely far-fetched.† â€Å"Why?† Tolland asked. â€Å"The process seems fairly simple.† Rachel nodded. â€Å"All you need is a 190-million-year-old fossilized rock. Blast it in a slush-hydrogen-engine exhaust fire, and bury it in the ice. Instant meteorite.† â€Å"To a tourist, maybe,† Corky said, â€Å"but not to a NASA scientist! You still haven't explained the chondrules!† Rachel tried to recall Corky's explanation of how chondrules formed. â€Å"You said chondrules are caused by rapid heating and cooling events in space, right?† Corky sighed. â€Å"Chondrules form when a rock, chilled in space, suddenly becomes superheated to a partial-melt stage-somewhere near 1550 Celsius. Then the rock must cool again, extremely rapidly, hardening the liquid pockets into chondrules.† Tolland studied his friend. â€Å"And this process can't happen on earth?† â€Å"Impossible,† Corky said. â€Å"This planet does not have the temperature variance to cause that kind of rapid shift. You're talking here about nuclear heat and the absolute zero of space. Those extremes simply don't exist on earth.† Rachel considered it. â€Å"At least not naturally.†

Genetic Engineering Tutorial

Chapter 14 Genetic Engineering Choose the best answer for each question. 1. Using this key, put the phrases in the correct order to form a plasmid carrying the recombinant DNA. Key: 1) use restriction enzymes 2) Use DNA ligase 3) Remove plasmid from parent bacterium 4) Introduce plasmid into new host bacterium. A. 1, 2, 3, 4C. 3, 1, 2, 4 B. 4, 3, 2,1 D. 2, 3, 1, 4 2. Which is not a clone? A. a colony of identical bacterial cells B. identical quintuplets C. a forest of identical trees D. eggs produced by oogenesis E. copies of a gene through PCR 3.Restriction enzymes found in bacterial cells are ordinarily used A. during DNA replication B. to degrade the bacterial cell’s DNA C. to degrade viral DNA that enters the cell D. to attach pieces of DNA together 4. Recombinant DNA technology is used A. for gene therapy B. to clone a gene C. to make a particular protein D. to clone a specific piece of DNA E. All of these are correct 5. In order for bacterial cells to express human genes , A. the recombinant DNA must not contain introns. B. reverse transcriptase is sometimes used to make complementary DNA from an mRNA molecule.C. bacterial regulatory genes must be included. D. All of these are correct. 6. The polymerase chain reaction A. utilizes RNA polymerase B. takes place in huge bioreactors C. utilizes temperature insensitive enzyme D. makes lots of nonidentical copies of DNA E. All of these are correct 7. DNA fingerprinting can be used for which of these? A. identifying human remains B. identifying infectious diseases C. finding evolutionary links between organisms D. solving crimes E. All of these are correct 8. DNA amplified by PCR and then used for fingerprinting could come from A. ny diploid or haploid cell B. only white blood cells that have been karyotyped C. only skin cells after they are dead D. only purified animal cells E. both B and D are correct 9. Which of these pairs is incorrectly matched? A. DNA ligase – DNA fingerprint B. Restriction en zymes – Cloning C. DNA fragments – DNA fingerprinting D. DNA polymerase – PCR 10. Which of these is an incorrect statement? A. bacteria secrete the biotechnology product into the medium B. plants are being engineered to have human proteins in their seeds. C. nimals are engineered to have a human protein in their milk. D. animals can be cloned, but plants and bacteria cannot. 11. Which of these is not needed in order to clone an animal? A. sperm from a donor animal B. nucleus from an adult animal cell C. enucleated egg from a donor animal D. host female to develop the embryo E. All of these are needed 12. Because the human genome Project, we know or will know the A. sequence of the base pairs of our DNA B. sequence of genes along the human chromosomes C. mutations that lead to genetic disorders D.All of these are correct 13. The restriction enzyme called EcoRI has cut double stranded DNA in the following manner. The piece of foreign DNA to be inserted has what ba ses from the left and from the right? 14. Which of these is a true statement? A. Plasmids can serve as vectors B. Plasmids are linear DNA found in viruses C. Plasmids can replicate in the host cell D. Both A and C are correct 15. Which of these is a benefit of having insulin produced by biotechnology? A. It is just as effective B. It can be mass produced C. It is less expensive D. All of the above

Reasons why Italy Expanded essays

Reasons why Italy Expanded essays During the 1800s many European nations began to colonize Africa. The Italians had many reasons to colonize Africa. One main reason for Italy colonizing Africa was economics. By expanding Italys control to Libya, Eritrea, and Italian Somaliland, Italy gain the natural resources in the country. Another reason the Italians needed to colonize was the need to keep up politically with the other European nations. If Italy did not control territory in Africa, it would be politically inferior to other European nations, thus more susceptible to being taken advantage of by other nations. A third reason why Italy needed to colonize Africa was for security purposes. If Italy did not have territory in Africa then their military influence would not be as effective, since they would have much less influence with world affairs. Libya, Eritrea, and Italian Somaliland each had their natural resources that helped strengthen Italys economy. Libya was particularly important to Italy because it is one of the worlds leading petroleum-producing countries. Having a direct source to a large deposit of oil gave Italy an edge over other European nations, because around this time period petroleum products started to become widely used in developed countries. Italian Somaliland had valuable farmland and pastures that helped produce food for Italy. The new source of food in Italy requires there to be less farmers, so they can move to the cities and work in factories, and help promote the economy. Francisco Crispi knew that in order to secure the political status of Italy he needed to follow the trend of European nations and colonize into Africa. Politically, if a country had control of a colony, it was considered stronger, and more influential because the nations political decisions would influence a greater area. It was very important for nations back then to stay politically parallel with each other, because if one nation begins to grow weak,...

Invented Deadlines

Invented Deadlines February was an insane month for me. I presented and sold books at the  Wisconsin State Reading Association Convention.  I launched a  new book  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a process that included a party, a  public reading event, a plethora of  social media posts, a month of book launch  dedicated blog entries, an interview with the  local newspaper  and lots of thought, heart, and energy. Both my son and husband had birthdays and the  college baseball season  started up again, which impacts my household in a big way. I lead a Gifted and Talented Network Young Author Day. Oh yeah, and I worked two part-time jobs and helped keep two human children dressed appropriately, fed, bathed, and otherwise alive. Don’t get me wrong†¦ it was a fun busy. A bored writer is a broke writer, but needless to say, I was silently looking forward to March, a decidedly slower month for me†¦ at least according to my calendar. Now that I am here, solidly in March, my head is still swiveling. Instead of bouncing from task to task, my gaze is casting about for the next thing to work on. What needs and deserves my attention? This is one thing I don’t think entrepreneurs talk about enough. When you are your own boss, how do you decide what to work on? My usual mode of operation dictates that whatever project has the next deadline gets the number one spot on my radar of attention. In February that radar was full. But now? Not so much. To prevent myself from falling into patterns of inefficiency and nonproductivity, I invent deadlines. Deciding on a must-be-done deadline motivates me to push forward. As a writer I am very used to deadlines and use my experience with that mindset to propel me to success. Here’s an example. I’ve been meaning to re-do my  teaching materials  for the  Orphan Train Ridersseries since I republished the collection in a single volume. During a slow week in January, I decided having these materials ready to go for WSRA (the aforementioned state reading conference) would be a good idea. It was only a ten-hour project†¦ but for some reason, it remained unfinished. Had I not invented the self-imposed deadline it probably still wouldn’t be done, and I’d have one less  product  floating out there in my passive income stream. This month I have decided to submit a piece for the next issue of the Chippewa Valley Writers Guild’s Literary Journal,  Barstow and Grand. Rewriting and polishing a piece, including taking it to my critique group, doing additional drafts and finally turning it in was the perfect bite-sized project to keep me busy until more work came around. If you are wondering what you could add to your open radar, here are a few invented deadlines you could create for yourself.   Ã‚     Find a writing contest, or better yet, subscribe to a weekly newsletter like  Reedsy  or  FundsforWriters, so these opportunities are delivered like clockwork to your inbox each week.   Ã‚     Compose a query letter for a work in progress. Even if the manuscript isn’t close to being done, it is a necessary evil that must be completed at some time. Having a â€Å"shitty first draft† to come back to down the road will be super helpful.   Ã‚     Revise a piece from the past. And then, maybe r(e)submit it!   Ã‚     Write a blog post   Ã‚     Join a class or writing program. I know I’m biased because I created it, but  Story Seedlings  is an awesome way to jump-start a story project.

The Abecedarian Project and Early Childhood Intervention Essay

The Abecedarian Project and Early Childhood Intervention - Essay Example I feel that there is a difference between the results found in this controlled study project study and what is found in the regular preschool. The reason behind my argument is unlike the regular preschool, for this controlled study there was an early intervention which determined academic improvement as compared to the regular preschool where intervention was done during the school-age. The controlled study provided long-term support where the children were provided with year-round, full-time childcare unlike the other regular preschool children who had minimal support or in some cases none. The children of the controlled study received individualized attention where there was a high ratio of staff to the student in every stage of the program which most of the regular preschool children lack (Karoly 78). The controlled study children were provided with better privileges than the regular preschool children (Karoly 113). Among these privileges were free diapers, transportation, food, a cademic and social improvement activities. The regular preschool children lacked some of these privileges and thus creating the difference. Another difference was that the children from the controlled study were brought up in better living conditions thus improving their developmental growth, socially, physically and education wise. For the regular preschool children they grew up in poverty thus had development differences. The controlled study children had a more positive head start in life, unlike preschool children.

Auditors independence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Auditors independence - Essay Example Auditor independence is a term which truly umbrellas many different matters, and which thus must be understood fully and thoroughly in order to be understood properly altogether. Basically, in order to understand the meaning of auditor independence you must first understand the fact that basically the professional independence of auditors has truly been held responsible for that of the many corporate collapses and financial debacles that have taken place worldwide, and that this explains the essentiality of understanding the importance of the independence factor in the auditing sector. Independence is generally understood to refer to a mental state of objectivity and lack of bias. They are totally opposed against the new ruling and voiced many of the same concerns that were seen from other CPA's. He expressed concern that the regulation of the new rule cannot be sufficient by itself. It's also necessary that public investors-the users of financial reports-perceive that the numbers ar e right. These are basically and for some places entirely restricted because they give the appearance that when auditors provide these services to audit clients they are acting as an advocate for the audit client. Brown goes on then to even further illustrate this point by showing that in Canada we are looking at the SEC's proposal closely and extensively and "will formulate our regulatory response partly on your experience. It is truly and absolutely a key factor that the audit committee identifies independence violations, because they are on the front line and are closest to the action. The creation of these principles was due to increasing concern that auditors were not remaining totally independent when performing the audit. Other times the consulting professionals will have little or no interaction with auditors especially in large firms. If firms miss their earnings expectations even by a slim margin the result is an immediate decrease in stock prices. Furthermore, the last no n-audit service that is restricted to audit clients is expert services. The initial concept of auditor independence, which arose during the 19th century, was based on the premise, primarily British in origin, that a principal duty of professional accountants and auditors was the oversight of absentee investments in the existing and former colonies of the British Empire. During this period, a relatively small number of accounting firms could perform audits for a relatively large number of entities. Professional accountants and auditors could render reports on the financial performance of different entities and could work for different investor groups. The concept of auditor independence during this era did not conceive of auditors as advocates for audited entities; British investors explicitly forbade auditors from investing or working in the businesses that they audited. At the same time, as long as auditors maintained their primary loyalty to the investors back home, the scope of professional a

Human Relations - Conflict Resolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human Relations - Conflict Resolution - Essay Example For example, Heitler (1993) focuses a lot of attention on the psychological aspects of a conflict and Varney (1989) gives similar ideas in his own research. It is noted that the primary sources of conflict are based in miscommunications, the relationship of the people involved in the situation and personal biases. All of these are linked directly to psychological issues and thus it may be possible to handle the situation with the tools used by psychologists. The ideas presented in the book are also in agreement with those presented by Nelson (1995) who gives several approaches to resolving conflicts amongst which the first is to directly confront the problem of the conflict. Psychologically, conflicts may be difficult to bring out to the open but handling them in an objective manner and then deconstructing the issue for a resolution may be the best way to go. Heitler (1993) also links conflicts to emotions and the approach given by PDI (1999) is no different since the approach seeks to build understanding rather than to accept the conflict as a given. If there is understanding between conflicting parties, it would be possible for them to see each other’s viewpoint and then empathize with each other about how one solution could be acceptable to all parties involved in the conflict. Such inclusion would certainly create a win-win situation that would certainly be taken by all individuals who are seeking fair play and justice. The book goes into a lot of depth about how bargaining and negotiations can be used to arrive at a settlement of many issues but in certain cases, a bargain may even have to be enforced in the case where there is a clear guilty party. However, in most cases the conflict will need to be resolved with negotiations and bargaining where individuals can present their own solutions to the problems they have. The person mediating the conflict then has to see which parts of the two possible

Questions and Answers on the Growth and Success of Starbucks

Questions and Answers on the Growth and Success of Starbucks Evaluate the role played by Howard Schultz in the growth and success of Starbucks. Is the company in danger of relying too heavily on Mr. Schultz? Howard Schultzs vision was for Starbucks to become a national company with values and guiding principles that employees could be proud of. Schultz wanted to recreate the authentic Italian coffee bar culture in the United States (Thompson, Peteraf et al, 2012). He believed that building a company that valued and respected its people, that inspired them, and that shared the fruits of success with those who contributed to the companys long term value was essential, not just as an intriguing option. His aspiration was for Starbucks to become the most respected brand name in coffee and for the company to be admired for its corporate responsibility (Thompson, Peteraf et al, 2012). Schultz strategized a plan to lead the Starbucks Coffee Company by speculating to open 125 stores in the next five years of the companys operation. To symbolize the merging of Starbucks and II Giornale, Schultz instituted new changes by creating a new logo and equipping espresso machines in all the coffee resta urants. In 1987, Schultz was able to regain the mood of the employees and also ventured in new markets such as Vancouver, Chicago, Portland, Los Angeles and San Francisco. Starbucks store expansion targets proved easier to meet than Schultz had originally anticipated and he upped the numbers to keep challenging the organization and so there was 161 stores, which was above Schultzs original target of 125 stores in 1992 (Thompson, Peteraf et al, 2012). Howard Schultz argued that patience was needed as the company invested in the infrastructure to support continued growth. He contended that hiring experienced executives ahead of the growth curve, building facilities far beyond current needs, and installing support systems laid a strong foundation for rapid, profitable growth down the road. Even though Schultz was the founder of the Starbucks Corporation and managed it for long time, I dont think the company would be in danger if he leaves the position he holds today. Some basic reasons to these are, since Starbucks heavily depends on Schultz, I believe he most likely has a careful succession plan for the betterment of the company. I also firmly believe that Schultz has already developed a sound contingency plans for his position. That is he might already have set the plan of who should take over the reins on a short notice. If these strategies are in place, then Starbucks future would not be uncertain. Discuss the business engineering processes used by Starbucks to stay competitive. How does the company track performance and use its control systems? Starbucks created its own house team of architects and designers to ensure that each store would convey the right image and character. Stores had been custom -designed because the company didnt buy real estate or build its own freestanding structures, rather, each space was leased in an existing structure, making each store differ in size and shape. The company had emphasized the four stages of coffee making: growing, roasting, brewing, and aroma. With increase in its stores, greater store diversity and layout quickly became necessary. The company had some special seating areas to help make it a desirable gathering place. The company also came with the drive through windows in locations where speed and convenience were important. Just as recent as June 2009, the company announced a new global store design strategy (Thompson, Peteraf et al, 2012). This meant that each new store was to be a reflection of the environment in which it operated and was to be environmentally friendly. To better control average store opening costs, the company centralized buying, developed standard contracts and fixed fees for certain items, and consolidated work under those contractors who displayed good cost-control practices (Thompson, Peteraf et al, 2012). The retail operations group outlined exactly the minimum amount of equipment each core store needed so that standard items could be ordered in volume from vendors at 20 to 30 percent discounts, then delivered just in time to the store site either from the company warehouses or the vendor. Modular designs for display cases were developed. The layouts for new and remodeled stores were developed on a computer, with software that allowed the costs to be estimated as the design evolved. All this cut store opening and remodeling costs significantly and shortened the process to about 18 weeks (Thompson, Peteraf et al, 2012). What is the compensation strategy that the company has used to motivate its employees to focus on the companys strategy and its execution? Howard Schultz deeply believed that Starbucks success was heavily dependent on customers having a very positive experience in its stores. This meant having store employees who were knowledgeable about the companys products, who paid attention to detail in preparing the companys espresso drinks, who eagerly communicated the companys passion for coffee, and who possessed the skills and personality to deliver consistent, pleasing customer service (Thompson, Peteraf et al, 2012). Some of the compensation strategy that Starbucks used to motivate its employees included instituting health care coverage for all employees whether full time or part time. From 1988, part timers working 20 or more hours were offered the same health coverage as full-time employees. Starbucks paid 75 percent of an employees health insurance premium; while the employee paid only 25 percent. The health insurance coverage was also offered for unmarried partners in a committed relationship (Thompson, A.A. et al., 201 2). The company also had presented a stock option plan for all employees .This was aimed at turning all employees into partners, giving them a chance to share in the success of the company, and make clear the connection between their contributions and the companys market value. The company also implemented an employee stock purchase plan that gave partners who had been employed for at least 90 days an opportunity to purchase company stock through regular payroll deductions. This had really motivated many employees and since the inception of this plan, some 23.5 million shares had been purchased by partners; and one third of these partners participated in stock purchase plan during the 2000-2009 period (Thompson, A.A. et al., 2012). Starbucks workplace environment was good for its employees. The management believed that the companys competitive pay scales and comprehensive benefits for both full time and part time partners allowed it to attract motivated people with above average ski lls and good work habits. How would you describe Starbucks corporate culture? What is the relevance of corporate culture for Starbucks future growth and success? The cornerstone value to build a company with soul was that Starbucks would never stop pursuing the perfect cup of coffee by buying the best beans and roasting them to perfection. Schultz and other senior executives were adamant about controlling the quality of Starbucks product and building a culture common to all stores. Schultz was rigidly opposed to selling artificially flavored coffee beans. The management was also emphatic about the importance of employees paying attention to what pleased customers (Thompson, A.A. et al., 2012). At the very base of the companys culture was its roots within the community. Howard Schultzs goal was to build a company with soul, which included corporate responsibility. In 1997 the Starbucks Foundation was established. The foundation was one of the largest contributors to C.A.R.E. which provided health and education programs to third world countries most of which Starbucks purchased its coffee beans. Starbucks is also committedÂÂ  to the enviro nment.ÂÂ  It has organizedÂÂ  a Green Team of store managers from all regions that assist the community in environmental efforts to reduce, reuse and recycle waste. The team has introduced innovative ways to reuse some of the paper, plastic and cardboard the store uses. They have reused packing materials and have donated these materials to local schools for art projects. These corporate cultures that Starbucks developed over the years had been very useful and would emphasize the companys growth into the future (Starbucks 2006).

Differences in One?s Own and One?s Partner?s Perceptions of Social Skills as a Function of Attachment Style :: essays research papers

Differences in One’s Own and One’s Partner’s Perceptions of Social Skills as a Function of Attachment Style Researchers / Experimenters: Laura K. Guerrero and Susanne M. Jones Goal or Purpose of the Study: To extend research and theory on the relations between attachment style and social skill To gain a clearer picture of how the intersection of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   models of self and others associates with different social   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   skills by testing for attachment-style differences across   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bartholomew’s four-category conceptualization of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   attachment Guide Questions: Are there differences in attachment style that relate to how people recognize their own social skills, specifically in emotional expressivity, emotional control, emotional sensitivity, social expressivity, social control, and social sensitivity? Do people recognize their partners’ social skills (emotional expressivity, emotional control, emotional sensitivity, social expressivity, social control, and social sensitivity) differently as a function of their partners’ self-reported attachment styles? Theories or Models: ATTACHMENT THEORY   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Attachment theory provides a useful framework for studying differences in social skills. This theory states that people develop different attachment styles as a result of interactions with significant others, beginning with their interactions with a primary giver which was said to be the parents of a certain child (Bowlby, 1969).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Attachment styles are modes of social interaction that reflect how people view themselves and others (Bartholomew, 1990). Bartholomew’s (1990, 1993) conceptualization of attachment style entails crossing two theoretically-derived dimensions: a mental mode of self (based on whether a person has an internalized sense of self-worth) and a mental model of others (based on whether a person sees involvement with others to be rewarding). When these dimensions are crossed, four unique attachment styles emerge: secure (positive models of both self and others), dismissive (positive model of self, negative of others), fearful (negative models of both self and others), and preoccupied (negative model of self, positive model of others).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Secure individuals are confident that others will like and accept them. They are also comfortable with closeness and experience relatively few interpersonal problems. Dismissive individuals are confident and self-sufficient, but to the point that they often reject interaction with others, and see relationships as both unrewarding and unnecessary. These individuals usually place a premium on activities related to work or self-fulfillment rather than on close relationships with others. In contrast, fearful individuals would like to have close relationships with others, but they worry that they will be rejected or hurt. These individuals generally have low self-esteem and experience considerable social anxiety when interacting with others. Differences in One?s Own and One?s Partner?s Perceptions of Social Skills as a Function of Attachment Style :: essays research papers Differences in One’s Own and One’s Partner’s Perceptions of Social Skills as a Function of Attachment Style Researchers / Experimenters: Laura K. Guerrero and Susanne M. Jones Goal or Purpose of the Study: To extend research and theory on the relations between attachment style and social skill To gain a clearer picture of how the intersection of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   models of self and others associates with different social   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   skills by testing for attachment-style differences across   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bartholomew’s four-category conceptualization of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   attachment Guide Questions: Are there differences in attachment style that relate to how people recognize their own social skills, specifically in emotional expressivity, emotional control, emotional sensitivity, social expressivity, social control, and social sensitivity? Do people recognize their partners’ social skills (emotional expressivity, emotional control, emotional sensitivity, social expressivity, social control, and social sensitivity) differently as a function of their partners’ self-reported attachment styles? Theories or Models: ATTACHMENT THEORY   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Attachment theory provides a useful framework for studying differences in social skills. This theory states that people develop different attachment styles as a result of interactions with significant others, beginning with their interactions with a primary giver which was said to be the parents of a certain child (Bowlby, 1969).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Attachment styles are modes of social interaction that reflect how people view themselves and others (Bartholomew, 1990). Bartholomew’s (1990, 1993) conceptualization of attachment style entails crossing two theoretically-derived dimensions: a mental mode of self (based on whether a person has an internalized sense of self-worth) and a mental model of others (based on whether a person sees involvement with others to be rewarding). When these dimensions are crossed, four unique attachment styles emerge: secure (positive models of both self and others), dismissive (positive model of self, negative of others), fearful (negative models of both self and others), and preoccupied (negative model of self, positive model of others).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Secure individuals are confident that others will like and accept them. They are also comfortable with closeness and experience relatively few interpersonal problems. Dismissive individuals are confident and self-sufficient, but to the point that they often reject interaction with others, and see relationships as both unrewarding and unnecessary. These individuals usually place a premium on activities related to work or self-fulfillment rather than on close relationships with others. In contrast, fearful individuals would like to have close relationships with others, but they worry that they will be rejected or hurt. These individuals generally have low self-esteem and experience considerable social anxiety when interacting with others.

Personalidad: Proposito de Las Teorias, Caracteristicas Y Y El Papel de La Funcion Cerebral En Personalidad

TEORIAS BIOLOGICAS: SE CENTRAN EN ASPECTOS FISICOS Y FISIOLOGICOS. Teorias biologicas: se centran en aspectos fisicos y fisiologicos. Teorias psicologicas. Se incluyen aqui tres versiones: por una parte tenemos la teoria psicoanalitica; en segundo lugar esta la rama conductista, basada en relaciones estimulo-respuesta; por ultimo, el enfoque cognitivo, que parte de la base de entender nuestra mente como un ordenador, con propias leyes de almacenamiento y procesamiento de la informacion. Teorias socioculturales. Estas teorias se centran en el estudio del sujeto dependiendo del ambiente cultural en que se desarrolla. TEORIAS BIOLOGICAS: TINY DYNAMITE Cuando nos referimos a las teorias biologicas de la personalidad, debemos tener presente que son aquellas que se interesan por el estudio de la personalidad desde dos perspectivas. Por un lado, parten del hecho de que una gran parte de la personalidad viene determinada geneticamente. Por otro lado, otorgan cierta relevancia al aspecto fisico como determinante en el desarrollo de la personalidad. E. Rojas senala que estas teorias son tan antiguas como la propia ciencia de la psicologia. Los antiguos estudiosos griegos ya habian establecido lo que se conoce como la teoria de los cuatro humores. Entendian que la personalidad estaba predefinida dependiendo del nivel existente de los cuatro tipos de fluidos, tambien llamados humores. Asi, la sangre, la flema, la bilis amarilla y la bilis negra daban origen a cuatro temperamentos: Un exceso de sangre conducia al sanguineo que desarrollaria una personalidad caracterizada como optimista, alegre, abierto, extravertido y de apariencia saludable y agradable. Una abundante cantidad de linfa define al flematico. Serian personas lentas, apaticas, siempre con tendencia a la inactividad motivada por el cansancio y la abulia. En tercer lugar tendriamos al colerico, definido por un exceso de bilis amarilla. Sera una persona irascible, fuerte, agresiva por naturaleza, combativa e impulsiva. Finalmente, la excesiva bilis negra conducia al melancolico, convirtiendolo asi en una persona triste, decaida y con una vision de la vida excesivamente pesimista. E. Rojas senala que ya en el siglo XX, la clasificacion que tuvo mayor fortuna fue la de E. Kretschmer3 (1926). Kretschmer intento establecer una union entre los aspectos fisicos, es decir, la morfologia de los sujetos, y la forma de ser, reaccionar, actuar. Llego asi a clasificar la personalidad en cuatro tipos y, dependiendo de estos tipos, establece la tendencia a sufrir algun tipo de trastorno o enfermedad psiquica. El leptosomico sera un sujeto de alta estatura, cuerpo delgado y aparentemente fragil. Le caracteriza la hipersensibilidad, es introvertido, idealista y presenta grandes dificultades en el contacto interpersonal. El leptosomico tiene una inteligencia mas profunda que expresa y presenta facilidad para el pensamiento abstracto. El picnico, sin embargo, es de baja estatura, el cuerpo ancho y miembros flacos. Su estado animico oscila continuamente entre la alegria y la tristeza. Tiene facilidad en el proceso comunicativo, es abierto. Es un sujeto con una inteligencia mas extensa que el leptosomico, no tan profunda, lo que lleva a que su forma de pensar y actuar sea concreta y siempre practica. El atletico tiene una figura herculea, su forma de ser es perseverante, con explosiones de caracter en ocasiones. Su pensamiento es de escaso relieve. El displasico viene determinado como una mezcla de caracteristicas de las tres categorias anteriores. Una clasificacion similar es la que establece W. H. Sheldon4 (1939), discipulo de Kretschmer. Identifico tres dimensiones basicas: endomorfico, mesomorfico y ectomorfico. El endomorfico se corresponderia con el picnico, el mesomorfico con el atletico y el ectomorfico con el leptosomico. W. H. Sheldon anade que, atendiendo a esta clasificacion, el individuo sera mas propenso a desarrollar un tipo determinado de enfermedad psicologica. Asi, el endomorfico sera mas susceptible a padecer enfermedades psicologicas afectivas-depresivas. El mesomorfico, debido a su tendencia a la lucha y el esfuerzo por conseguir sus propias metas, sin importarle el dolor o sufrimiento y receloso o desconfiado por naturaleza, tendra mayor posibilidad de sufrir algun tipo de enfermedad psicologica que se incline hacia lo paranoide. Los ectomorficos tienen una psicologia que Sheldon denomino cerebrotomica, es decir, les caracteriza el autocontrol y dominio de si mismos, prefieren la soledad y saben enfrentarse a sus propios problemas. La enfermedad psicologica surgiria cuando alguno de estos aspectos tienda al desequilibrio. Abi Morgan no caracteriza a sus personajes desde un punto de vista morfologico, los datos que establece vienen relacionados con la edad, el estado civil y la profesion. Nosotros, como lectores activos, podemos llegar a imaginarnos la estructura fisica de los personajes. Formamos nuestra propia imagen de como podria ser ese personaje dependiendo, por un lado, de los datos anteriormente citados por la autora y, por otro, de la forma de actuar e interactuar de esos personajes, por lo que no considero muy oportuno establecer una clasificacion de sus personajes atendiendo a esta teoria, ya que la propia autora no determina estas caracteristicas. Aun asi, es una teoria muy interesante para poder llevar a cabo el proceso contrario cuando se proceda a la posible caracterizacion escenica, es decir, atendiendo a la personalidad y rasgos se puede llegar a determinar un fisico especifico. El Dr. C. George Boeree5 (1997) senala que la teoria temperamental desarrollada por H. Eysenck6 ha significado un gran avance en las teorias biologicas de la personalidad. Aunque es un conductista que considera los habitos aprendidos como algo de gran importancia, considera que las diferencias de nuestras personalidades vienen determinadas por la herencia. Segun Eysenck, el temperamento es un aspecto de la personalidad con el que se nace y las diferentes personalidades parten del aprendizaje y el desarrollo temperamental en el transcurso de las vivencias individuales. Eysenck senalo que el temperamento tiene dos dimensiones principales: ‘neuroticismo’ y extraversion-introversion. El ‘neuroticismo’ es la dimension que oscila entre las personas tranquilas, calmadas, equilibradas, y las nerviosas en exceso, de forma incontrolada, quienes tenderan a sufrir con mayor frecuencia una gran variedad de trastornos nerviosos o neurosis. Este exceso nervioso viene determinado por la respuesta que muestra el sistema nervioso simpatico7 ante situaciones determinadas. Dependiendo del nivel de respuesta del sistema nervioso simpatico, podemos establecer una caracterizacion de los individuos como mas o menos propensos a sufrir algun tipo de trastorno neurotico. Otra dimension del temperamento formulada por Eysenck es la conocida como extraversion-introversion. Su hipotesis consiste en que una persona extravertida tiene una fuerte inhibicion, es decir, ante un trauma, la respuesta de su cerebro le protege. Una persona introvertida en la misma situacion de estimulacion excesiva, no es protegida lo suficiente debido a que le caracteriza una pobre inhibicion, y, por tanto, es mas susceptible a sufrir un trauma.

Basic Steps in Strategic Planning Process Essay

Strategic Planning Model Many books and articles describe how best to do strategic planning, and many go to much greater lengths than this planning response sheet, but our purpose here is to present the fundamental steps that must be taken in the strategic planning process. Below is a brief description of the five steps in the process. These steps are a recommendation, but not the only recipe for creating a strategic plan; other sources may recommend entirely different steps or variations of these steps. However, the steps outlined below describe the basic work that needs to be done and the typical products of the process. Thoughtful and creative planners will add spice to the mix or elegance to the presentation in order to develop a strategic plan that best suits their organization! Step One – Getting Ready To get ready for strategic planning, an organization must first assess if it is ready. While a number of issues must be addressed in assessing readiness, the determination essentially comes down to whether an organization’s leaders are truly committed to the effort, and whether they are able to devote the necessary attention to the â€Å"big picture†. For example, if a funding crisis looms, the founder is about to depart, or the environment is turbulent, then it does not make sense to take time out for strategic planning effort at that time. An organization that determines it is indeed ready to begin strategic planning must perform five tasks to pave the way for an organized process: identify specific issues or choices that the planning process should address clarify roles (who does what in the process) create a Planning Committee develop an organizational profile identify the information that must be collected to help make sound decisions. The product developed at the end of the Step One is a Workplan. Step Two – Articulating Mission and Vision A mission statement is like an introductory paragraph: it lets the reader know where the writer is going, and it also shows that the writer knows where he or she is going. Likewise, a mission statement must communicates the essence of an organization to the reader. An organization’s ability to articulate its mission indicates its focus and purposefulness. A mission statement typically describes an organization in terms of its: Purpose – why the organization exists, and what it seeks to accomplish Business – the main method or activity through which the organization tries it fulfill this purpose Values – the principles or beliefs that guide an organization’s members as they pursue the organization’s purpose Whereas the mission statement summarizes the what, how, and why of an organization’s work, a vision statement presents an image of what success will look like. For example, the mission statement of the Support Centers of America is as follows: The mission of the Support Centers of America is to increase the effectiveness of the nonprofit sector by providing management consulting, training and research. Our guiding principles are: promote client independence, expand cultural proficiency, collaborate with others, ensure our own competence, act as one organization. We envision an ever increasing global movement to restore and revitalize the quality of life in local communities. The Support Centers of America will be  a recognized contributor and leader in that movement. With mission and vision statements in hand, an organization has taken an important step towards creating a shared, coherent idea of what it is strategically planning for. At the end of Step Two, a draft mission statement and a draft vision statement is developed. Step Three – Assessing the Situation Once an organization has committed to why it exists and what it does, it must take a clear-eyed look at its current situation. Remember, that part of strategic planning, thinking, and management is an awareness of resources and an eye to the future environment, so that an organization can successfully respond to changes in the environment. Situation assessment, therefore, means obtaining current information about the organization’s strengths, weaknesses, and performance – information that will highlight the critical issues that the organization faces and that its strategic plan must address. These could include a variety of primary concerns, such as funding issues, new program opportunities, changing regulations or changing needs in the client population, and so on. The point is to choose the most important issues to address. The Planning Committee should agree on no more than five to ten critical issues around which to organize the strategic plan. The products of Step Three include: a data base of quality information that can be used to make decisions; and a list of critical issues which demand a response from the organization – the most important issues the organization needs to deal with. Step Four – Developing Strategies, Goals, and Objectives Once an organization’s mission has been affirmed and its critical issues identified, it is time to figure out what to do about them: the broad approaches to be taken (strategies), and the general and specific results to be sought (the goals and objectives). Strategies, goals, and objectives may come from individual inspiration, group discussion, formal decision-making  techniques, and so on – but the bottom line is that, in the end, the leadership agrees on how to address the critical issues. This can take considerable time and flexibility: discussions at this stage frequently will require additional information or a reevaluation of conclusions reached during the situation assessment. It is even possible that new insights will emerge which change the thrust of the mission statement. It is important that planners are not afraid to go back to an earlier step in the process and take advantage of available information to create the best possible plan. The product of Step Four is an outline of the organization’s strategic directions – the general strategies, long-range goals, and specific objectives of its response to critical issues. Step Five – Completing the Written Plan The mission has been articulated, the critical issues identified, and the goals and strategies agreed upon. This step essentially involves putting all that down on paper. Usually one member of the Planning Committee, the executive director, or even a planning consultant will draft a final planning document and submit it for review to all key decision makers (usually the board and senior staff). This is also the time to consult with senior staff to determine whether the document can be translated into operating plans (the subsequent detailed action plans for accomplishing the goals proposed by the strategic plan) and to ensure that the plan answers key questions about priorities and directions in sufficient detail to serve as a guide. Revisions should not be dragged out for months, but action should be taken to answer any important questions that are raised at this step. It would certainly be a mistake to bury conflict at this step just to wrap up the process more quickly, because the conflict, if serious, will inevitably undermine the potency of the strategic directions chosen by the planning committee. The product of Step Five is a strategic plan! 2 What’s in a vision statement? [From http://www.allianceonline.org/faqs.html] Martin Luther King, Jr. said, â€Å"I have a dream,† and what followed was a vision that changed a nation. That famous speech is a dramatic example of the power that can be generated by a person who communicates a compelling vision of the future. Management author Tom Peters identified a clear vision of the desired future state of the organization as an essential component of high performance. Widely-read organizational development author Warren Bennis identified a handful of traits that made great leaders great. Among them is the ability to create a vision. So, What Is a Vision and How Do I Get One? A vision is a guiding image of success formed in terms of a contribution to society. If a strategic plan is the â€Å"blueprint† for an organization’s work, then the vision is the â€Å"artist’s rendering† of the achievement of that plan. It is a description in words that conjures up a similar picture for each member of the group of the destination of the group’s work together. There is one universal rule of planning: You will never be greater than the vision that guides you. No Olympic athlete ever got to the Olympics by mistake; a compelling vision of his or her stellar performance inevitably guides all the sweat and tears for many years. The vision statement should require the organization’s members to stretch their expectations, aspirations, and performance. Without that powerful, attractive, valuable vision, why bother? How a Vision is Used John Bryson, the author of Strategic Planning for Public and Nonprofit Organizations, states that typically, a vision is â€Å"more important as a guide to implementing strategy than it is to formulating it.† This is because the development of strategy is driven by what you are trying to accomplish, your  organization’s purposes. A mission statement answers the questions: Why does our organization exist? What business are we in? What values will guide us? A vision, however, is more encompassing. It answers the question, â€Å"What will success look like?† It is the pursuit of this image of success that really motivates people to work together. A vision statement should be realistic and credible, well articulated and easily understood, appropriate, ambitious, and responsive to change. It should orient the group’s energies and serve as a guide to action. It should be consistent with the organization’s values. In short, a vision should challenge and inspire the group to achieve its mission. The Impact of Vision John F. Kennedy did not live to see the achievement of his vision for NASA, but he set it in motion when he said, â€Å"By the end of the decade, we will put a man on the moon.† That night, when the moon came out, we could all look out the window and imagine†¦ And when it came time to appropriate the enormous funds necessary to accomplish this vision, Congress did not hesitate. Why? Because this vision spoke powerfully to values Americans held dear: America as a pioneer and America as world leader. In an amazing longitudinal study on goal setting, Yale University surveyed the graduating class of 1953 on commencement day, to determine if they had written goals for what they wanted their lives to become. Only three percent had such a vision. In 1973, the surviving members of the class of 1953 were surveyed again. The three percent who had a vision for what they wished their lives would become had accumulated greater wealth than the other 97 percent combined. Great wealth, a man on the moon, brother and sisterhood among the races of the globe†¦ what is your organization’s vision? Shared Vision To a leader, the genesis of the dream is unimportant. The great leader is the servant of the dream, the bearer of the myth, the story teller. â€Å"It is the  idea (vision) that unites people in the common effort, not the charisma of the leader,† writes Robert Greenleaf in Leadership Crisis. He goes on to write: Optimal performance rests on the existence of a powerful shared vision that evolves through wide participation to which the key leader contributes, but which the use of authority cannot shape†¦. The test of greatness of a dream is that it has the energy to lift people out of their moribund ways to a level of being and relating from which the future can be faced with more hope than most of us can summon today. The Process for Creating a Vision Like much of strategic planning, creating a vision begins with and relies heavily on intuition and dreaming. As part of the process, you may brainstorm with your staff or your board what you would like to accomplish in the future. Talk about and write down the values that you share in pursuing that vision. Different ideas do not have to be a problem. People can spur each other on to more daring and valuable dreams and visions — dreams of changing the world that they are willing to work hard for. The vision may evolve throughout a strategic planning process. Or, it may form in one person’s head in the shower one morning! The important point is that members of an organization without a vision may toil, but they cannot possibly be creative in finding new and better ways to get closer to a vision without that vision formally in place. Nonprofit organizations, with many of their staff and board members actively looking for ways to achieve a vision, have a powerful competitive and strategic advantage over organizations that operate without a vision. Perceptions of Ideal Futures: An Exercise in Forming Vision This section outlines an exercise you may employ to assist your organization in defining its own vision. By using this exercise to develop your organizational vision, you may be better assured that the vision statement that is developed is a shared vision. At a retreat, or even at a board meeting or staff meeting, take an hour to explore your vision. Breaking into small groups helps increase participation and generate creativity. Agree on a rough time frame, say five to ten years. Ask people to think about the following questions: How do you want your community to be different? What role do you want your organization to play in your community? What will success look like? Then ask each group to come up with a metaphor for your organization, and to draw a picture of success: â€Å"Our organization is like †¦ a mariachi band – all playing the same music together, or like a train – pulling important cargo and laying the track as we go, or †¦.† The value of metaphors is that people get to stretch their minds and experiment with different ways of thinking about what success means to them. Finally, have all the groups share their pictures of success with each other. One person should facilitate the discussion and help the group discuss what they mean and what they hope for. Look for areas of agreement, as well as different ideas that emerge. The goal is to find language and imagery that your organization’s members can relate to as their vision for success. Caution: Do not try to write a vision statement with a group. (Groups are great for many things, but writing is not one of them!). Ask one or two people to try drafting a vision statement based on the group’s discussion, bring it back to the group, and revise it until you have something that your members can agree on and that your leaders share with enthusiasm. 3 What’s in a mission statement? [From http://www.allianceonline.org/faqs.html] In just a few sentences a mission statement needs to communicate the essence of your organization to your stakeholders and to the public. For example: At the Developmental Studies Center we develop, evaluate, and disseminate programs that foster children’s ethical, social, and intellectual development. While nurturing children’s capacity to think skillfully and critically, we also strive to deepen children’s commitment to prosocial  values such as kindness, helpfulness, personal responsibility, and respect for others – qualities we believe are essential to leading humane and productive lives in a democratic society. Often, however, organizations want to say more about who they are, what they are doing, and why they are doing it. Therefore, another example of a mission statement format is illustrated by the mission statement developed by the Forest Service. After a brief statement, the Forest Service uses three pages to elaborate its mission, vision, and guiding principles. Excerpts from the expanded statement include: The phrase, â€Å"caring for the land and serving the people,† captures the Forest Service mission. As set forth in law, the mission is to achieve quality land management under the sustainable multiple-use management concept to meet the diverse needs of people. It includes advocating a conservation ethic†¦ Vision: We are recognized nationally and internationally as a leader in caring for the land and service people†¦ Guiding Principles: To realize our mission and vision, we follow 13 guiding principles †¦ Neither approach is necessarily the â€Å"right† one for your organization. What is important about your mission statement is that one guiding set of ideas is articulated, understood and supported by the organization’s stakeholders, board, staff, volunteers, donors, clients, and collaborators. The Need for a Mission Statement In Profiles of Excellence, the Independent Sector lists a clear, agreed upon mission statement first among the four primary characteristics of successful nonprofit organizations. Specifically, the four primary characteristics include: a clear, agreed-upon mission statement a strong, competent executive director a dynamic board of directors an organization-wide commitment to fundraising. The primary importance of the mission statement means that failure to clearly state and communicate your organization’s mission can have harmful consequences, including: organization members can waste time â€Å"barking up the wrong tree† the organization may not think broadly enough about different possibilities if its mission statement is unclear or overly narrow the organization may not realize when it is time to go out of business Finally, the importance of mission statements is summarized quite eloquently by Lewis Caroll through the words of the Cheshire Cat in Alice in Wonderland, â€Å"If you don’t know where you’re going, it doesn’t matter which way you go.† Indeed! What Should Be in a Mission Statement? The following concepts are critical in defining â€Å"who† your organization is: The Purpose Statement The purpose statement clearly states what your organization seeks to accomplish: Why does your organization exist? What is the ultimate result of your work? Purpose statements usually include two phrases: an infinitive that indicates a change in status, such as to increase, to decrease, to prevent, to eliminate an identification of the problem or condition to be changed. An example of a purpose statement is â€Å"to eliminate homelessness.† In defining purpose, it is essential to focus on outcomes and results rather than methods: How is the world going to be different? What is going to change? Thus, the purpose of a mental health counseling agency would never be simply â€Å"to provide counseling services,† for that is describing a method rather than a result. Rather, the purpose might be â€Å"to improve the quality of life† for its clients. The Business Statement This statement outlines the â€Å"business(es)† (i.e., activities or programs) your organization chooses in order to pursue its purpose. Specifically, you must answer, â€Å"What activity are we going to do to accomplish our purpose?† For example, there are many ways to work on the problem of homelessness: to construct housing for homeless individuals to educate the public and advocate for public policy changes to provide job training to homeless individuals. Each of these are different businesses, but they may be different means of achieving the same purpose. Business statements often include the verb â€Å"to provide† or link a purpose statement with the words â€Å"by† or â€Å"through.† For example: â€Å"To eliminate homelessness by providing job training to homeless individuals.† A cautionary note: If the word â€Å"and† is in your purpose or business statement, ask yourselves, â€Å"Are we really committed to both ideas connected by the word† and, â€Å"or have we simply not been able to accept that one idea is more important?† Values Values are beliefs which your organization’s members hold in common and endeavor to put into practice. The values guide your organization’s members in performing their work. Specifically, you should ask, â€Å"What are the basic beliefs that we share as an organization?† Examples of values include: a commitment to excellent services, innovation, diversity, creativity, honesty, integrity, and so on. Values may include beliefs such as: â€Å"Eating vegetables is more economically efficient and ecologically responsible than eating beef.† (Vegetarian Association) Marvin Weisbord writes in Productive Workplaces that values come alive only when people are involved in doing important tasks. Ideally, an individual’s personal values will align with the spoken and unspoken values of the organization. By developing a written statement of the values of the organization, group members have a chance to contribute to the articulation of these values, as well as to evaluate how well their personal values and motivation match those of the organization. The example of a mission statement cited at the beginning of this response sheet includes all three elements of what should be included in a mission statement. To review: At the Developmental Studies Center we develop, evaluate, and disseminate programs [business] that foster children’s ethical, social, and intellectual development [purpose]. While nurturing children’s capacity to think skillfully and critically, we also strive to deepen children’s commitment to prosocial values such as kindness, helpfulness, personal responsibility, and respect for others – qualities we believe are essential to leading humane and productive lives in a democratic society [values]. Below is another example of a mission statement which includes all three elements: The YMCA of San Francisco, based in Judeo-Christian heritage [values], seeks to enhance the lives of all people [purpose] through programs designed to develop spirit, mind and body [business]. In addition to the th ree elements discussed above, you may want to address the following questions in developing your organization’s mission statement: What is the problem or need your organization is trying to address? What makes your organization unique? Who are the beneficiaries of your work? Clearly, the answers to the these questions could be included in the mission statement or added as elaboration of the mission statement. How To Write a Mission Statement There is no formula for finding the wording that best expresses the collective intention of your organization. It can be drafted by one person alone or after input gathered at leadership retreat. The most important issue is that there is consensus on the answers to the questions used in developing the mission statement. One approach is to use time at a board retreat to discuss these questions and find out where the areas of consensus are and where there are differences. There is a â€Å"process† benefit to hashing over an organization’s mission statement as well. In the course of discussion and debate, new members are  introduced to nuances of an organization’s mission and changes in the environment, and old members refresh their understanding of both. As a result, the group will have confidence that the mission statement which emerges (whether it is a new statement or a rededication to the old mission statement) is genuinely an articulation of commonly held ideas. Groups are good at many things, but one of them is not writing. Have group discussions about big ideas and concepts and then let one or two individuals draft and redraft the wording before submitting a reworked version for the group to respond to. It is important to circulate the draft mission statement a few times to board, staff, and other stakeholders. Some consultants advise organizations to also seek an outside opinion from someone unfamiliar with the organization to see how easily the mission statement can be understood. Mix with passion, humanity and an eye on the big picture, and keep refining the mission statement until you have a version that people can actively support. 4 Applying this to the Garfield High School Foundation We need to spend the face time (as suggested in the â€Å"Strategic Planning† section above) to construct the Mission and Vision for the Foundation. In the meantime, here are the Mission and Vision Statements for the school. Garfield High School Mission Statement (from http://www.ghs.seattleschools.org/aboutus.php) To provide a comprehensive and effective educational experience for all students, with opportunities for achievement that encourage skill development, self-confidence and an appreciation of cultural diversity. The school staff will use a variety of approaches in motivating students to: Gain knowledge through critical thinking, exploration, and discovery Contribute their knowledge, compassion, and leadership to society Meet the technological challenges of 21st Century Take responsibility for their personal and educational development Garfield High School Vision Statement: (from http://www.ghs.seattleschools.org/aboutus.php) The vision of Garfield High School is to educate and prepare all students to become successful in class, socially, and in their future